Investigation of environmental and land use impacts in forested permafrost headwaters of the Selenga-Baikal river system,Mongolia - Effects on discharge,water quality and macroinvertebrate diversity

Headwater streams play a major role for provision of ecosystem services, e.g. drinking water. We investigated a high-altitude headwater catchment of the Kharaa River (including 41 1st-order rivers) to understand the impact of land cover (especially forest cover), environment and human usage on runoff, chemical water quality and macroinvertebrate fauna in a river basin under discontinuous permafrost conditions in an arid, sparsely populated region of Mongolia. To verify our hypotheses that different landuses and environmental impacts in permafrost headwaters influence water quality, we investigated 105 sampling sites, 37 of them at intermittent stream sections without water flow. Discharge was positively impacted by land cover types steppe, grassland and forest and negatively by shrubland, forest burnt by wild fires (indicating a reduction of permafrost) and slope. Water quality was affected by altitude, longitude and latitude, shrub growth and water temperature. Shannon diversity of macroinvertebrates was driven by water temperature, iron content of the water, flow velocity, and subbasin size (adjusted R² = 0.54). Sample plots clustered in three groups that differed in water chemistry, macroinvertebrate diversity, species composition and bio-indicators. Our study confirms that steppes and grasslands have a higher contribution to runoff than forests, forest cover has a positive impact on water quality, and diversity of macroinvertebrates is higher in sites with less nutrients and pollutants. The excellent ecological status of the upper reaches of the Kharaa is severely threatened by forest fires and human-induced climate change and urgently needs to be conserved.     

南水北调中线工程水质监测站点布设研究

科学合理布设水质监测站点是加强南水北调中线工程对突发水污染事件监控,保障水质安全的重要手段。制定水质监测站点的布设方案受到监测效率与布设成本的约束,同时,监测仪器精度、污染物衰减特性的不确定性等问题也对布设方案产生影响。以中线工程京石段为研究对象,基于一维水质模型,以突发水污染事件漏报率最低、发现时间最短以及监测站点布设成本最小为目标函数,构建水质监测站点布设多目标优化模型对布设方案进行优化,同时结合监测仪器精度对目标函数的影响确定了最优布设方案,在此基础上,分析了污染物衰减特性对最优布设方案的影响。研究结果可为中线工程合理布设水质监测站点提供建议。     

椰子水化学组成及其影响因素

椰子水是一种古老的热带饮料，以其天然、纯净、营养和功能特性受到越来越多的消费者的喜爱，并引起了众多饮料生产商的关注。椰子水主要是指来源于未成熟的椰子果腔内部的水状液体，汁清如水、入口清甜、晶莹透亮、清凉解渴。椰子水中的固形物含量比较低（2%~5%湿基），主要成分是糖和矿物元素，还有少量的蛋白质、氨基酸及其他微量成分，是一种营养丰富的天然运动和功能性饮料。椰子水的比例、总固形物含量、总糖、还原糖与总糖之比等指标是衡量椰子水质量的重要标准，可作为选育适合饮用椰子的指标。矮种椰子一般适合作为饮料用椰子品种。此外，椰子水还可作为植物组织培养和微生物发酵用基质。椰子水之所以用途广泛主要取决于其独一无二的化学组成，包括糖、维生素、矿物质和氨基酸等。本文主要综述至今文献报道相关椰子水化学组成及其影响因素方面的研究情况。     

蚯蚓养殖对幼龄胶园土壤养分及橡胶树根系生长的影响

本研究旨在探讨林下蚯蚓养殖对幼龄胶园土壤养分及橡胶树根系生长的影响。以牛粪作为原料，于 2017年4—11 月在 4 年生幼龄胶园铺设粪垄养殖蚯蚓，并测定土壤养分和根系生长情况。结果表明，与对照（CK）相比，铺设粪垄无蚯蚓养殖（WQ）和铺设粪垄蚯蚓养殖（Q）处理总体上可显著提高土壤硝态氮、速效磷、速效钾和土壤水分含量以及土壤 pH，而对土壤铵态氮、有机质、微生物活性及微生物群系数量无显著影响（p<0.05）；和 CK 相比，WQ和 Q 处理显著促进根的生长，并提高吸收根的比例（p<0.05）。综上所述，在幼龄胶园养殖蚯蚓短期内（半年）可提高土壤速效养分含量，促进根系生长。     

汉阳地区五个湖泊沉水植物分布及富营养化现状

2011年7月—2012年4月对武汉市汉阳地区五个湖泊(后官湖,三角湖,南太子湖,墨水湖和龙阳湖)的水质及沉水植物进行了季节性调查,以了解湖泊富营养化现状及其对沉水植物的影响。结果显示:后官湖为中营养,而三角湖、南太子湖、墨水湖和龙阳湖为重度富营养,其中龙阳湖污染最重。共采集沉水植物7种,隶属于5科5属,主要种类为金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)、苦草(Vallisneria spiralis)和菹草(Potamogeton crispus)。沉水植物主要分布在后官湖沿岸带,其它四个湖泊中沉水植物已严重退化,仅在部分水域偶见。后官湖沉水植物盖度和生物量最大值出现在10月,分别为67.5%和5.58 kg/m~2,1月份较低,分别为29.3%和1.88 kg/m~2,优势种存在明显的季节更替。结果表明,汉阳地区湖泊沉水植物退化与富营养化引起的水下光照下降和高密度的水产养殖有关。     

采用主成分分析法评价廉州湾贝类养殖区水质状况

为了解广西廉州湾贝类养殖区水质状况并指导渔业生产,借助SPSS软件,分析了2013—2015年该养殖区的水温、溶氧(DO)、化学耗氧量(COD)、溶解态无机磷(DIP)、溶解态无机氮(DIN)、石油类、汞(Hg)和叶绿素-a(Chl-a)等8项水质因子。采用主成分分析法筛选对养殖区影响较显著的因子来综合评价水质状况。结果显示,在产卵期(5月)和高渔获期(10月)可以各提取占总方差89.9%、92.9%的前4个主成分来计算综合评价函数得分,2013—2015年各监测期水质综合得分依次是0.220、-0.211、0.759、1.028、-0.977、-0.817,分值高低反映水质污染程度。2013年两个监测期的水质均属于III类,2014年两个监测期的水质均属于IV类,2015年产卵期水质属于I类,2015年高渔获期水质属于II类。由此可知,养殖区水质综合状况不稳定,年际间变化较大,曾出现Hg超标情况,污染较严重的是DIP、DIN和Chl-a。因此,养殖区应加强码头日常作业及沿岸工业排污口管理,同时应控制生活污水、农业废水排入,合理规划养殖规模,防止贝类养殖自身污染。     

基于Zigbee和GPRS的水质监测系统节能设计

针对无线化的水产养殖水质监测系统耗能大、电池寿命短的问题,设计了基于Zigbee和GPRS的节能型水质监测系统。通过采用低功耗器件,在电源与传感器、信号调理电路之间添加选通芯片ADG1414控制各模块分时分区工作,减少各模块的供电时间来降低硬件能耗;通过设置阈值对采集的数据进行判断,对阈值范围内的数据不发送,减少数据发送量,从而减少系统数据发送能耗。以CC2530为核心构建无线传感网络,将传感器采集到的温度、p H、溶氧等水质参数传输至监测中心,构建实时监测平台,并在此基础上建立数据管理系统,实现对水产养殖水质环境的实时监测。系统测试与实验结果表明,该系统节能效果显著,能有效延长无线水质监测系统电池的工作时间。     

terraGIS – a web GIS for delivery of digital soil maps in cotton‐growing areas of Australia

Effective management of soil requires the spatial distribution of its various physical, chemical and hydrological properties. This is because properties, for example clay content, determine the ability of soil to hold cations and retain water. However, data acquisition is labour intensive and time‐consuming. To add value to the limited soil data, remote sensing (e.g. airborne gamma‐ray spectrometry) and proximal sensing, such as electromagnetic (EM) induction, are being used as ancillary data. Here, we provide examples of developing Digital Soil Maps (DSM) of soil physical, chemical and hydrological properties, for seven cotton‐growing areas of southeastern Australia, by coupling soil data with remote and proximal sensed ancillary data. A greater challenge is how to get these DSM to a stakeholder in a way that is useful for practical soil use and management. This study describes how we facilitate access to the DSMs, using a simple‐to‐use web GIS platform, called terraGIS. The platform is underpinned by Google Maps API, which is an open‐source development environment for building spatially enabled Internet applications. In conclusion, we consider that terraGIS and the supporting information, available on the sister web page ( http://www.terragis.bees.unsw.edu.au/ ), allow easy access to explanation of DSM of soil properties, which are relevant to cotton growers, farm managers, consultants, extension staff, researchers, state and federal government agency personnel and policy analysts. Future work should be aimed at developing error budget maps to identify where additional soil and/or ancillary data is required to improve the accuracy of the DSMs.     

熟石灰施用对土壤pH及附子生长发育的影响

[目的]明确熟石灰对附子地酸性土壤的改良作用以及对附子生长发育的影响。[方法]开展盆栽试验研究熟石灰不同施用量对土壤pH、附子生长发育及产量的影响。[结果]不同熟石灰处理(1 350、1 800、2 250 kg/hm~2)均可显著提高土壤pH(P0.05),且不同程度地促进附子出苗、抽茎;中、低用量熟石灰(1 350、1 800 kg/hm~2)能促进附子株高,而高用量(2 250 kg/hm~2)则抑制植株生长;所有处理对附子苗期展叶数均无显著影响;熟石灰用量为1 800 kg/hm~2能提高单株附子产量,而用量为2 250 kg/hm~2能提高附子成活率,促进附子总产量提高。[结论]一定用量的熟石灰能有效调节酸性土壤pH,促进附子生长发育并提高产量。     

Growth and yield responses of upland NERICAs to variable water management under field conditions

This study aimed to investigate the possible causes for inconsistent performances of upland New Rice for Africa (NERICA) varieties in uplands and lowlands, while identifying important determinants in grain yield under deficient soil moisture. We compared the growth and yield of NERICA 1 and NERICA 5 to those of Yumenohatamochi, a Japanese upland variety, and Hinohikari, a Japanese lowland variety, subjected to different water management regimes (continually flooded, supplementary irrigation, and non-irrigation). Under conditions of deficient soil moisture, panicle number per square meter, spikelet number per panicle, and 1000-grain weight of NERICAs decreased, whereas the panicle number of the Japanese varieties experienced little change. In contrast, the grain filling ratio was unaffected by water management, irrespective of variety. The primary source of yield reduction under low soil water conditions was a decrease in spikelet number per panicle, and water stress intensity was the primary factor for the degree of this reduction. Variation in the abortion of secondary rachis-branches caused differences between NERICAs in their spikelet number response to soil moisture deficiency. The inconsistency in NERICA performance across uplands vs. lowlands can be partially attributed to variation in yield response to low soil water conditions. Moreover, water stress intensity and the presence of a water gradient along the vertical soil profile may combine to affect the fluctuation in NERICA performance under upland conditions.